An Overview of Home Systems

It's important to note inspections are limited to the means and methodology of the inspector. In fact, most inspection associations define a home inspection as a visual examination of the readily accessible components of a home. Obviously this definition is open to a wide variety of interpretation.

Exterior

Grading: Exterior grading is the most basic element of any given property. Soil conditions are rarely addressed in a basic inspection as laboratory analysis is typically required to provide any substantial information regarding its makeup. Grading also plays a key role in proper drainage of a property. Water can be correctly diverted away from flashings and foundations via mechanical means such as gutters and counter flashings but if soil, concrete and other immobile elements are not properly aimed these measures do little to substantially maintain a property. A geotechnical engineer is the specialist who needs to be consulted regarding these issues in depth when needed. A need for their services may arise at the planning stage of new construction or when soil and grading is significantly affecting the property in a negative way. Use of both of these services is highly advisable regardless of what type of property one may be investing in for a platitude of reasons. Soil testing can be a major factor in properties located near industrial areas, pollution can be a serious health hazard and should be fairly researched. Geotechnical engineering is part of basic planning in areas like California where steep grades are common and minor settlement can dramatically affect a property. These practices are much more common with more expensive properties, but should be considered on down to even the residential level. To add some perspective; a home inspector may simply superficially comment on drainage conditions, a commercial inspector may mention in passing surrounding properties that may be contaminating hazards such as chemical producing or using subjects, while an industrial developer may need to do massive planning and analysis of a sites soil and grading in the case of a factory where extreme weights will be routinely moved around a property or a farm where soil purity and conditions are of the utmost import.

Landscaping: The landscaping component relates to the grading and drainage aspects of a home but contains a list of specific concerns unto itself. Roots of plants are typically one of the more significant. Live roots actively seek water, sources of which include plumbing lines, both supply and waste lines. Areas where water pools also provide a place for plants to thrive. Septic leech fields naturally also present a naturally nutritional environment for plants to thrive and the list goes on. This is another area where planning at construction is key to avoiding future problems. Large trees should not be planted in proximity to plumbing lines or close to the foundation, as plant roots can and do overpower elements we tend to view as nearly indestructible like concrete. A good rule of thumb is to imagine the full grown plant upside down below the soil, at this is frequently the relative size of the root system that may have an adverse affect on foundations and or plumbing lines. Vines are also generally very invasive, if aesthetically pleasing to many. Vines can do substantial damage to siding while at the same time hiding their effects. Leaves and pine needles are more elements typically overlooked. Proximity again is key, when these items are allowed to collect on common roofing materials like asphalt or composite shingles they can significantly reduce their life expectancy, in part by their tendancy to retain water where it is not wanted. Certain plants also have a tendency to attract unwanted pests and vermin. Retaining walls must also be carefully placed and maintained, especially those that affect drainage and supporting soil around foundations.

General Exterior Features: Siding is a relatively large component unto its own and has it's own set of issues as one might suspect. Vinyl siding is relatively maintenance free save cleaning and manufacturing defects. Improper installation typically exhibits significant symptoms rather quickly. Flashings around doors, windows and at adjoining surfaces is typically the culprit when leakage occurs with most sidings, sometimes wear but again improper installation is one of the more frequent concerns sited. Wood siding and log homes require much more maintenance that is typically not preformed as frequently as needed. Decks, porches, walkways like sidewalks and patios typically are less significant causes for concern but can be costly when issues arise. A concrete slab that has settled to drain water toward the foundation as opposed to away when slab jacking will not alleviate the problem without causing more issues for example. Eve's soffits and fascia typically require little maintenance but again are regularly neglected. Modern windows and doors also require little maintenance typically, however older units made of wood that have not been maintained properly can be the cause of significant water damage and energy loss. The materials the above items are typically constructed of vary wildly depending on geographical location as well as the age of the property. Older homes made more prominent use of wood and brick, while newer homes use a large amount of plastics and metal. Other miscellaneous items are typically not included in the minimal inspection standards of the majority of inspection organizations like fencing, swimming pools, recreational facilities like playgrounds and basketball courts, screens, shutters, awnings and the like. Free standing garages and carports are typically inspected while other sheds and outbuildings are not.

Roofing: The roof is arguably the most significant exterior feature save the ground the building is placed upon. The roofing system is the primary water membrane of any home. A good roof with substantial overhang will compensate for poor siding and poor flashings. After all some of the original dwellings of natives worldwide were essentially lean-twos. There are many types of roofing materials but some of the more common include asphalt, tar, fiberglass, cedar shakes and clay tiles. Rubber membranes are also used in conjunction with these components or as stand alone systems but more frequently on commercial structures. In some areas metal roofs are also quite common. A roof typically consists of multiple components like the structure or roof skeleton if you will which is generally rafters or trusses. Deck sheathing, which is the support system for the roof covering, it acts to distribute the weight of the covering, provide adequate securement points and in some cases diver water. Underlayment is typically a waterproof membrane that acts as a last resort of diverting water and helps prevent ice damning. The roof covering is what actually should be diverting nearly all of the water produced by the elements. Drainage, like downspouts and valleys should be directing water down away from the siding and penetrations like doors and windows. Flashings act to ensure water does not get between adjoining faces, skylights, or the roof covering and underlayment. Ventilation ensures that temperatures and moisture levels are maintained at an even level in the attic as compared to the exterior levels to allow for proper roof performance and ensures even ware as well as prevents ice-damning and other related issues.